REALISM
AND POLITICAL IDEALISM
Quincy Wright's article,
“Realism and Idealism in International Politics”,
which is in World
Politics, October, 1952, is a book review of
John H. Herz's
Political Realism and Political Idealism: A Study of
Theories and
Realities.
First is given
definitions of realism. According to Plato,
realism is what ought to
be, and Machievelli said that realism is
the political doctrine of
expediency.
And according to Herz,
realism is thought which takes into consideration the
implications for
political life of those security and power factors which are
inherent in human
society.
These factors grow out of
the security dilemma which flows from individual's
consciousness that others
are seeking his destruction, and that he must be
continuously ready to
kill them before they kill him.
Therefore, proponents of
the doctrine of realism believe that the chief
interest of the state is
to secure power in order to defend the
state against any
foreseeable threat. They believe that all else, if
necessary,
should be sacrificed in
order to obtain this objective. In other words, if a nation
following this doctrine
thought that it should wage a preventive war, it would not
hesitate to do so.
On the other hand,
political idealism is defined as that type of political
thinking
which does not recognize
the problems
arising from the security
or power dilemma or takes notice of
them in a perfunctory
manner, not concentrating its interest upon national
conditions
or rational solutions.
Thus an extreme idealist would consider civilian scientific
advancement more
important than military, and would probably not arm his
nation at
all, due to the fact that
if he did so other nations would do likewise, with the
consequence of an arms
race and possible war. An idealist may give emphasis to
international values over
the individual state's, following the creed that nations
are here and gone, and
therefore the long-run objective should be a stable world.
The next point of
discussion by Wright was to state that a philosophy which
centers
around a distinction
between realism and idealism would seem to have neither of
the
useful features of
providing for a better international order or making a
secure
state, but would engender
lethargy and inaction because it asserts that ideals are
not real, or despair
because it asserts that reality cannot be ideal. Therefore,
the
policies to be
determined, in the sense of propositions leading to a
state's
probable action in given
circumstances, is a function of both its power and values,
of both the means at its
disposal and the ends dictated by its values.
To be specific, realism
must take into consideration for prediction and control the
ideal symbols and
propaganda men identify themselves, such as anti-imperialism
and
democratic procedure, no
less than armaments, potential and morale. They should not
over-emphasize the
oppositional nature of nations, which they tend to do.
They should try to find
those areas where nations can meet on common ground,
because unless one does
this and therefore avoids antagonizing others, one may find
that all the armament one
can accumulate wouldn't be enough, for other nations may
find it necessary to band together and destroy the power-mad
state.
Idealists, on the other
hand, must not over-emphasize the cooperative aspect. They
should not overlook the fact that power-mad individuals
have, do, or will exist, such as Hitler and Mussolini, and
that one must be ready to defend the interests of the state.
One should not discard adequate armament despite one's hopes
for a future disarmament program. Although one believes
that men of thought can contribute to the development of
conditions in which "the dignity and worth of the human
person," Justice, and respect for the obligations arising
from. treaties and other sources of international law can be
maintained, and one should not do this with one's eyes
closed to present dangers to the state.
In conclusion, therefore,
one must combine realism with idealism, for all terms of
politics and power (policy, decision and action) involve
both values and conditions, both human purposes and
material instruments, both goals expressed by symbols and
means manifested by procedures, weapons, and propaganda.
One should not be, too
idealistic, for the safety of one's nation may be
jeapordized, and yet one should not be too realistic, for
atomic war could result. And yet perhaps one can say that a
little more realism than idealism is practical, for the
long-run policies of the idealist must be based on future
contingencies which are remote or merely conceived, and can
only be justified by their desirability, until social
scientists make possible pre-diction and control over longer
periods with far more accuracy than they do today. Thus the
known, actual, and present of the realist may tend to
overshadow the desired, remote, and conceptions the
idealist, but still one must agree with this quote of
Pascal's:
Justice without force is
impotent. Force without justice is tyrannical. It is
necessary, therefore, to
unite justice and force and make that which is just strong
and that which is strong
just.
David C. Hakim
Pol. Sci. 281
Instr: Dr. Singh
Oct. 31, 1962 |